The current paradigm of mental health has fallen short in its promises to deliver better care and quality of life for those who lives with mental illness. Recent works have expressed the need for more comprehensive frameworks of research, in which phenomenology emerges as a fundamental tool for a new wave interdisciplinary studies with the humanities. In line with this project, this article hopes to explore the relation between education and phenomenologically oriented psychotherapy, through the work of Brazilian educator Paulo (...) Freire. First, we will briefly expose Freire’s biography and main ideas (such as the “banking model of education” and the creation of “culture circles”), showing how they can be useful during the clinical encounter. We will also highlight the importance of dialogical psychotherapy during situations of injustice and oppression. Finally, we will provide some insights that can help build a new paradigm of mental health that is based on a “praxis of freedom”, whether in research or clinical practice. We call this proposal a “Psychotherapy of the Oppressed”. (shrink)

There have been renewed calls to use phenomenology in psychiatry to improve knowledge about causation, diagnostics, and treatment of mental health conditions. A phenomenological approach aims to elucidate the subjective experiences of mental health, which its advocates claim have been largely neglected by current diagnostic frameworks in psychiatry (eg, DSM-5). The consequence of neglecting rich phenomenological information is a comparatively more constrained approach to theory development, empirical research, and care programmes. Although calls for more phenomenology in psychiatry have been met (...) with enthusiasm, there is still relatively little information on how to practically facilitate this integration. In this Personal View, we argue that phenomenological approaches need a shared semantic framework to drive their innovative potential, thus enabling consistent data capture, exchange, and interoperability with current mental health data and informatics approaches (eg, the Research Domain Criteria project). We show how an applied ontology of phenomenological psychopathology offers a suitable method to address these challenges. (shrink)

In a recent paper by Casasanto and Pitt (2019), the authors addressed a debate regarding the role of order and magnitude in SNARC and SNARC‐like effects. Their position is that all these effects can be explained by order, while magnitude could only account for a subset of evidence. Although we agree that order can probably explain the majority of these effects, in this commentary we argue that magnitude is still relevant, since there is evidence that cannot be explained based on (...) ordinality alone. We argue that SNARC‐like effects can occur for magnitudes not clearly characterized by overlearned ordinality and that magnitude can prevail on order, when the two are pitted against each other. Finally, we propose that different interpretations of the role of order and magnitude depend on the interaction of stimulus properties and task demands. (shrink)

In the period from January 1920 to December 1921 a cooperation between Jessie Fauset, Augustus Dill and W.E.B. Du Bois resulted in the publication of a periodical called “The Brownies’ Book” the first publication for North American black, and not white children and young people. The creation of “The Brownies' Book” was a pioneering event in African American literature in general and, more specifically, in the field of African American children's literature, as it was the first periodical composed and published (...) by African Americans for black children who, until then, searched in vain for material that included a perspective on their experience and history. This article argues that the TBBs were one of the harbingers of the movement called the Harlem Renaissance, constituting a children's literary materialization of the path towards the emergence of what the philosopher Alain Locke called the New Negro. What was being formulated was both the deconstruction of stereotypes associated with blacks and the active projection/creation of a positive identification with their local and ancestral community. This paper seeks to identify the post-WWI discursive strategies and practices of de-racialization proposed for “the children of the sun”, as W.E.B. Du Bois called them, in order to stop seeing themselves “through the eyes of others”. (shrink)

Entre a morte de Teofrasto (287 a.C) e a invasão de Atenas pelos romanos, os escritos de Aristóteles saíram de circulação e assim permaneceram por mais de dois séculos, até serem editados por Andrônico de Rodes, em torno do ano 40 a.C. No que diz respeito à transmissão dos escritos de Aristóteles, as fontes históricas se resumem a duas passagens: uma de Estrabão; e a outra de Plutarco. No entanto, para podermos aprofundar a análise da história da transmissão dos livros (...) de Aristóteles cabe decompô-la em três fases. A fase inicial tem curso quando Aristóteles em seu testamento lega sua biblioteca a Teofrasto. Este por sua vez, deixa com sua morte ‘todos os livros’ – os seus e também os de Aristóteles – a Neleu, que os levou para sua cidade natal, Escepsis, situada na Tróade. A fase intermediária tem lugar quando os herdeiros de Neleu resolveram guardar para si os inestimáveis manuscritos, enterrando-os por temerem que os Atálidas deles se apossassem. Assim ocultos, permaneceram por quase duzentos anos, sofrendo a ação destrutiva da umidade e do mofo, até serem adquirido pelo bibliófilo Apelicon de Teos, em torno do ano 90 D.C., que os transportou para Atenas. A última etapa da transmissão começa com a observação de que seus livros não ficaram por muito tempo em Atenas, uma vez que em 86 a.C., Sila invadiu esta cidade e, entre outras coisas, confiscou os livros que se encontravam na casa de Apelicon e sob suas ordens foram transportados para Roma, onde foram postos sob custódia de uma biblioteca pública, sobre os quais o público não tinha acesso. (shrink)

Neste texto investigamos a compatibilidade entre o ceticismo de Oswaldo Porchat e outras duas ideias metafilosóficas gerais, a saber, o equilíbrio reflexivo e a visão de solução de problemas. Procuramos mostrar de que modo o ceticismo e as outras duas ideias são compatíveis e iluminam-se mutuamente, e sugerimos uma articulação entre elas. O equilíbrio reflexivo ajuda a compreender a relação de uma filosofia cética e pós-cética, primeiro, com a vida comum e, depois, com o domínio fenomênico. O enfoque de solução (...) de problemas é a perspectiva metafilosófica resgatada por Porchat em sua fase neopirrônica. Mostramos que, se na primeira fase do ceticismo porchatiano, o que está em equilíbrio com a vida comum ainda são teses filosóficas, na segunda fase o que se pretende que esteja em equilíbrio com o domínio fenomênico é outro tipo de unidade epistêmica — os problemas, nomeadamente, aqueles problemas filosóficos que sejam passíveis de retradução a esse domínio fenomênico e oriundos de uma dinâmica de certo tipo. Para levar a cabo a análise, é crucial investigar as noções de fenômeno e de objetividade em Porchat. O texto se encerra com considerações sobre o lugar do conhecimento científico na visão de Porchat. (shrink)

Se presenta un marco de referencia formal para describir y analizar los valores en la ciencia desde un punto de vista estructuralista. La noción de perspectiva de valor del Modelo de Interacción entre Ciencia y Valores de Lacey y Mariconda resulta útil como un punto de partida en sentido general, aunque la estructura de una perspectiva de valor se entiende aquí bajo una luz mucho más formal y “microscópica”. El referencial es desarrollado poco a poco, desde la noción general de (...) valor hasta la noción de juicio de valor, y desde el nivel individual hasta el colectivo. Se discuten algunos de sus aspectos estructurales, como la naturaleza interconectada y holística de la axiología científica. Se destaca el carácter de red de la propuesta presentada, y se muestra cómo ella podría arrojar luz sobre varios aspectos de la cinemática y de la dinámica de los valores en el conocimiento científico. Se hace la sugerencia de que un enfoque como el presentado acá podría proporcionar una fundamentación más substantiva para el “giro pragmático” de la metateoría estructuralista de la de que se dispone hasta el día de hoy. Se apuntan algunos problemas que todavía quedan abiertos y tareas futuras para el enfoque. (shrink)

Our purpose in the present work is to survey some of the formulations that the theme of networks has received in contemporary philosophy of science over a period spanning twelve decades, from the end of the 19th century up to the present time. The proposal advanced herein is to interpret the evolution of this theme in four stages: first, one that goes from a metaphor or expressive image to a notion aspiring at implementation, but still having a virtual character, in (...) the orthodox view of theories; second, a shift towards networks viewed as explicit, with the notion still having an enormous metaphorical power, as in Neurath and Quine; third, from this towards a concept amenable to implementation, as in Thagard, but still in search of an epistemological rationale, supposedly provided by BonJour and Dancy; and finally, as a notion fully endowed with a precise structuralist implementation, in the scope of the structuralist metatheory of Balzer-Moulines-Sneed. The interpretive framework adopted in this exercise in the history of philosophy of science is a modified version of Gerald Holton's thematic model, adapted to the history of philosophy instead of its original domain, the history of scientific ideas. In our version of the thematic model, we posit two main dimensions for the appraisal of any given philosophical concept, besides the thematic dimension: the metaphorical one and the dimension of its systematic implementation. (shrink)

Con la ayuda de un diagrama y aplicando la fórmula del agrimensor, los matemáticos de la Antigua Babilonia descubrieron un método sencillo y elegante de bisecar figuras trapezoidales. En este trabajo intentaremos demostrar, ónicamente como conjetura, que en el "Problema de los Seis hermanos" - Tablilla AO 17264 - se pudo haber manejado este mismo procedimiento, aunque ampliado y generalizado.

Dentro da relação entre a necessidade humana de compreensão e os “murros fechados do mundo” que o absurdo camusiano ocorre. O absurdo, vindo dessa dicotomia entre ser humano e mundo, decorrente dessa impossibilidade, ou com maior precisão, da irracionalidade do mundo descoberto pelo ser humano, é o que pauta a filosofia de Camus. Nesse contexto, a relação do absurdo com a ciência se torna um tema central de um dos ensaios de Camus, O mito de Sísifo. O autor expressa toda (...) sua revolta com a ciência moderna por nunca lhe oferecer o mundo, a ciência apenas descreve e elucida, nunca fornece o mundo à compreensão do ser humano. Essa situação pode ser esclarecidase atendo aos livros de alguns cientistas do século XX, principalmente Werner Heisenberg, o qual elucida, em A parte e o Todo, uma discussão ao redor do tema da compreensão na física moderna. Sendo assim, o propósito deste artigo é estabelecer uma relação entre o absurdo e a revolta de Camus com a ciência com o que Heisenberg demostra como os limites da compreensão na física. No final, parece que ambos autores convergem a conclusão de que o ser humano não é capaz de chegar a compreensão do mundo por meio da ciência. (shrink)

Confronted with the situation of profound crisis in which contemporary European culture finds itself, it is necessary, according to E. Husserl, to reflect upon the origins of this loss of meaning, a loss which is linked to a particular stance of the objective sciences that is utterly disjointed from the life-world. The article represents an attempt to ascertain the fundamental concerns that were present from the beginning of phenomenology in Husserl's thought vis-à-vis the sciences. Beginning with Husserl's initial interest in (...) the foundation of the formal sciences, the article seeks to specify the problematic kernel of Husserl's debate with the sciences, centred on the concept of experience. By means of a transformation of meaning which occurs in the sphere of the world of experience, an avenue is opened up to the life-world, which reveals itself to be the foundation of the sciences, to which the latter must constantly be related. The crisis of the sciences will only be overcome through a return to the praxis of human responsibility as this is lived in connection with, and in the horizon of, the life-world. (shrink)

The article analyses in the general realm of perception a class of sensations which Husserl designates as kinaesthetic sensations. Deriving etymologically from kinesis and aisrhesis , the kinaesthetic sensations are bodily movements issued by the subject in its relationship with the manifesting objects. It is for this reason that the identification of the original place of the kinaesthetic sensations has to be searched in the presentation of the thing itself, namely in the presenting function. In every presentation of the thing (...) there are the real contents of sensation or the presenting contents which through an intentional act of apprehension let the things appear. However the presenting sensations alone are not able to present exclusively the things and necessarily refer to the kinaesthetic sensations. The latter in fact don't present the thing but are indispensable for the presentation. (shrink)

El objetivo de esta comunicación es reflexionar sobre cómo las prácticas alimentarias de una región se transforman en un producto turístico y, más concretamente, cómo la mala alimentación del Baixo Alentejo, a menudo considerada como “no comida” aparece, a principios del siglo XXI, valorada en los restaurantes.Consideraremos el caso de Serpa, localidad conocida por las prácticas alimentarias tradicionales que aún se mantienen y la oferta de calidad en los restaurantes y como zona de atracción de turistas, principalmente portugueses y españoles, (...) que los fines de semana cruzan la frontera para probar la comida “típica” y tradicional de la región. (shrink)

The article analyses the concept of truth from the point of view of intentionality as it was developed by Edmund Husserl. The first step of the analysis consists in deploying the specific features of intentionality in the sense of directedness of the consciousness towards something, with its constitutive moments such as the intentional object, intentional sense, quality or different modes in which an object is given. The intentional living experiences conceived in this way are therefore objectifying acts charged with a (...) certain claim for truth. The justification of that claim can only be found in the original given-ness or in the intuitive fulfillment. Truth is the fulfillment of an empty signifying intention. Through the extension of the concept of intuition to the realm of the categorial, there is also an extension of the notion of truth. Truth is the noematic correlate of evidence understood as synthesis of coincidence. In this sense truth is the fulfillment of the intention of a state of affairs. Truth has a 'history' made up of different syntheses of coincidence which occur in a passive way. The passive syntheses guide or determine the way the categorial acts are performed and organized. They structure the prepredicative experiences necessary for the constitution of the predicative knowledge of truth. (shrink)

One of the mathematical topics examined in the Old Babylonian period consisted of calculating the size of a reed which was used to measure either a longitude or the perimeter of a rectangle or trapezium. These subjects were solved, probably, applying the geometric construction called completing the square. In this paper, we analyse the problem texts on the tablets AO 6770 (5), Str 368, VAT 7532, and VAT 7535.

En este ensayo presento un análisis comparativo entre los diversos procedimientos creados, respectivamente, por los matemáticos babilonios y Diofanto de Alejandría para resolver ecuaciones de segundo grado. Observaremos cómo los primeros recurrieron a la composición de diagramas mientras Diofanto aplicó un algoritmo abstracto que no consiguió generalizar.In this paper I present a comparative analysis among the diverse procedures invented respectively by the Babylonian mathematicians and Diophantus of Alexandria to solve quadratic equations. We will observe how the first ones appealed to (...) the composition of diagrams while Diophantus applied an abstract algorithm that he was not able to generalize. (shrink)

Con la ayuda de un diagrama y aplicando la formula del agrimensor, los matemáticos de la Antigua Babilonia descubrieron un método sencillo y elegante de bisecar figuras trapezoidales. En este trabajo intentaremos demostrar, únicamente como conjetura, que en el “Problema de los Seis hermanos” - Tablilla AO 17264 - se pudo haber manejado este mismo procedimiento, aunque ampliado y generalizado.The Mathematicians of the Old Babylonian Period, with the aid of a diagram and applying the surveyor formula, discovered a simple and (...) smart method to bisect trapezoidal figures. In this paper, we will try to demonstrate, only as a conjecture, that in the Problem of Six Brothers, Tablet AO 17264, it could be used the same procedure, although extended and generalized. (shrink)

Con la ayuda de un diagrama y aplicando la formula del agrimensor, los matemáticos de la Antigua Babilonia descubrieron un método sencillo y elegante de bisecar figuras trapezoidales. En este trabajo intentaremos demostrar, únicamente como conjetura, que en el “Problema de los Seis hermanos” - Tablilla AO 17264 - se pudo haber manejado este mismo procedimiento, aunque ampliado y generalizado.The Mathematicians of the Old Babylonian Period, with the aid of a diagram and applying the surveyor formula, discovered a simple and (...) smart method to bisect trapezoidal figures. In this paper, we will try to demonstrate, only as a conjecture, that in the Problem of Six Brothers, Tablet AO 17264, it could be used the same procedure, although extended and generalized. (shrink)